sample1:

题目:EnglishVocabularyLearningStrategies(英语词汇学习策略)

ThemathematiciansthatstudylanguageandhavelotsofcomputingpowerareformingEnglishlanguagedatabases.Thesedatabasescanbeusedformachinelanguagetranslation,formulastorankcollocation,mostusedprioritywordlists,wordgroupingtendenciesandotherlinguisticsresearch.

Thesefrequency-basedwordlistscontainthewordsthataremostusedinEnglish.Frequency-basedwordlistscanhelpyoutargetspecificEnglishvocabularybyindicatingwhichwordsyoushouldtrytolearnfirst.

Vocabulary***ysisandsummariesfromtheBrownCorpus1990.

Table1

Words-Percentofwordsinaveragetext

86,741-99.99%

43,831-99.0%

15,851-97.8%

6,000-89.9%

5,000-88.6%

4,000-86.7%

3,000-84.0%

2,000-79.7%

1,000-72.0%

10-23.7%

Table1showsusthatinmostwrittenEnglishjustafewwordtypesaccountformostoftheEnglishwordsinanytext.Tenwordsaccountfor23.7%ofthewordsonanypageandjust1000wordfamiliesaccountformorethan70%ofthewordsused.

TheESLinCanadaEnglishImmersioncampsexperimentedwiththe1000wordlistsandusedthemforthecorevocabularyforspelling,poetrywritingandpublicspeakingcontests.Theconstantreinforcementandrepetitionwithvariablecontextwasquicklyabsorbedbythebeginnerstudentsandgreatlyincreasedtheirconfidencewhenspeakingorwriting.

Altavista'sBabelfishorGooglebySystranmachinetranslationperformswithanerrorrateof20to30percent.Thelargeerrorrateisduetohowaword'smeaningvarieswithcontext.Oneexample:ThespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweaktranslatedfromEnglishtoRussianandbackagainonlytoyieldThevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrotten.SofarBabelfishhas19languagepairsavailableandithastakendecadestodeveloplanguage-pairrulesforeachofthe9,900languagewordpairs.

Someobservationsforlanguagestudentsandlanguageteachersisthetranslationpoolforjustaveragetranslationsis9900words.Thebigvariableiscontext,whichmeansthatawordcanbeusedinvariousformats:formal,industryspecificjargon,slang,idioms,actadifferentpartofspeechperformingadifferentfunctionwithinthatparticularmeaning.Ifeverywordhasanaverageoffivecontextvariablesthenthestudentreallyhastolearn50,000items.

Asfinalconclusions:secondlanguagelearningtakestimeandeffortandthereshouldbeplentyoftranslationjobsforthenext20yearsifyouarewillingtoinvesttheseventonineyearstobeproficient.

Inthefollowingexamplethewordweathercanbeusedinabouteightdifferentcontextsandbeusedtomean,defineorexplainaboutthirtydifferentsituationsorconditions.Toproperlystudyvocabularystudentsrequirebackgroundinformationandcontext.

Weather

AsaNoun

Definition1.thestateoftheatmosphereataparticularplaceandtimeascharacterizedbysunshine,moisture,temperature,precipitation,andothervariables.

SimilarWords:elements,climate

Definition2.unpleasant,turbulent,orviolentatmosphericconditions.

Example:Weneededshelterfromtheweather.

SimilarWords:gale,elements,blow,windstorm,storm

AsaTransitiveVerb

InflectedForms:weathered,weathering,weathers

Definition1.todry,season,ormodifybyexposingtoweather.

SimilarWords:season,dry

Definition2.todiscolor,deteriorate,orharmbyexposingtoweather.

SimilarWordswash,rot,erode,deteriorate

Definition3.toendurepasttheendof;survive.

ExampleTheirmarriageweatheredthehardtimes.

Synonyms:withstand,survive,stand,outlast,endure,rideout

SimilarWords:overcome,surmount,outlive,sustain,brave

AsanIntransitiveVerb

Definition1.toresistdeteriorationwhenexposedtoweather.

Example:Thecolourha***eenabletoweathertheintensesunshine.

Definition2.todisplaytheeffectsofexposure(deteriorationorchangeincolor)

SimilarWords:rot,corrode,fade,deteriorate

AspartofIdiomaticExpressions

Phraseusedasanidiom:undertheweather=sickornotwell

sample2:

题目:Usingthekeywordmethodtolearnvocabulary(重点记忆学习法)

Thekeywordmnemonicisundoubtedlyaneffectivemeansoflearningthewordsofaforeignlanguage

Howwellyourememberdependsonhowwellyoulearnedthem,notonwhetheryouhavelearnedthewordsusingakeywordmnemonicorroterepetitionorsomeothermethod

Evenusingakeywordmnemonic,youstillneedtorehearsetheinformationtobelearned

Thekeywordmnemonicisnotalwaysthebestmethodoflearningparticularwords

Skilledlearnersmaybebesttousethekeywordmnemonicselectively,forparticularlydifficultwords

Thekeywordmnemonicrequiresinpidualinstructionandpractice,touseeffectively

Usingaverbal(sentence)linkisatleastaseffectiveasanimage,andiseasierformanypeople

Whetherusingasentenceoranimage,thecriticalfactoristhatthekeywordinteractwiththedefinitionorown-languageword.

sample3:

题目:experienceoflearningvocabularyandgrammar(英语词汇及语法的学习经验)

IcouldsaywhatI’vebeeninstructedisafocusondeductiveways.Injuniorhighschool,myteacherlistedoutthekeyrulesofeachlessonandwoulddidthefill-intheblankexerciseintheclass.SinceIwasnotaquickthinker,whatIcoulddowasmerelyimitatetheexamplesgivenbytheteacher.ThismeantthatIdidn’tknow“why”Iwassupposedtomakeasentenceinthisway.

Whendayswenttohighschool,themodeofinstructiondidn’tchangemuch.Theteacherwouldpointoutthecrucialrulesaswell,buthedidn’tdomuchpracticeinclass.Inthescopeofvocabularyteaching,hejustreadthroughthewordsandsamplesentences.

YoumustbecuriousabouthowIcouldlastmyinterestinlearningEnglishunderthiswayofinstruction?Ithinkwhatpromptmetokeeponlearningisowingtomyhighlymotivatedattitude.BecauseIlikethelanguageanditsculture,I’lldomybesttolearnitwellthroughself-study.Thoughtheinspirationfromteachersisessentialinsomeways,theattitudeoflearnerswillbethemomentumtomaintainalifelonglearning.

Idon’tlikethewaysI’vebeentaughtbecauseIlearntherule***yrote-learning.Actually,Ididn’tobjecttheuseofrote-learning.But,itshouldbeundertheconditionofmeaningfulpracticesothatIknow“why”therulesaresupposedtobeusedinthisway.AsforthewayshowIwillteachinthefuture,I’mstillstrugglingtoexploremyanswers.Nomatterwhat,Iwillputmuchemphasisonlearner-centeredaspectsandinductiveteaching.